Pollen dispersal in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard detected using a chloroplast DNA marker

Pollen dispersal was estimated in two test plots in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard using a chloroplast DNA marker, the spacer region between thetrnD andtrnY genes, and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). In Plot 1, 2,020 seeds from 40 trees within 30 m of the marker tree were analyzed using the PCR-SSCP method. In Plot 2, 1,850 seeds from 37 trees were analyzed in the same manner. The results revealed that the maximum pollen dispersal distance in the two plots exceeded 25 m. Pollen dispersal appeared to be inversely proportional to the distance from the marker tree. The effective pollen dispersal was suggested to be less than about 20 m in a mature hinoki seed orchard. Adjacent trees had an excessive influence when the pollen density was increased by artificial flower stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that seed production better resembles ideal random mating when carried out as naturally as possible. In conclusion, the SSCP chloroplast DNA marker was a useful tool for amassing basic information on pollen management in seed orchards of coniferous species.     

马尾松优良种植材料现实遗传增益验证

利用设置在福建省武平县的马尾松遗传增益测定林材料,以验证优良种源,母树林及种子园混系的现实遗传增益。种源中试林和示范林测定结果都显示,选用优良种源具有显著的增产效果。在较好立地上,8年生时广西宁明和广东信宜种源的高径生长分别增益17%～47%和12%～25%。通过福建武平,江西吉安,广东信宜和广西宁明4处母树林子代5年生测定林材料。未发现预期显著的改良效果,有些母树林子代生长甚至低于相应试验对照。广西藤县和贵州黄平种子园混系在不同地理和立地环境上的生长现验证了种子园混系较高的遗传增益,但这种增益估算值与测试点立地条件和种子园无性系构成有关。广西藤县种子园混系只有在较好立地上增产显著,而在较差立地上则难显其增益效果。贵州黄平种子园混系因速生和遗传稳定性高,在不同立地上都具有较高的遗传增益。     

杉木第二代种子园自由授粉子代测定效果分析

对洋口林场杉木第二代种子园自由授粉子代试验林树高、胸径和材积等生长性状研究结果表明 :杉木第二代种子园子代生长在家系间存在着显著差异 ,家系内个体间的遗传分化剧烈。从群体中选出的优良家系及家系内优良的单株造林 ,增产效果显著 ;杉木在树高、胸径和材积等生长性状间有较高的表型和遗传相关性。     

马尾松防火道及果园化学除草试验初报

在马尾松的防火道上用5％森泰颗粒剂和25％森泰水剂、在桃树果园用65％草甘膦和41％春多多进行除草试验。结果表明：马尾松防火道用18．75kg／hm^2的森泰颗粒剂处理效果较好；桃树果园则以1500g／hm^2的草甘膦处理效果最好。     

杉木种子园球果病虫害监测研究

经调查统计,杉木种子园健康果、发育不良果、病害果、虫害果、病虫兼有果比例分别为55.1%、3.4%、8.4%、9.0%、24.1%,各无性系之间球果产量、不健康果比例,百果重、千粒重、出粒率、发芽率都达到极显著差异水平。球果病虫危害率与球果产量、球果出籽率、种子发芽率之间存在极显著负相关,病虫危害是种子园种子产量下降的主要原因之一。用1%波尔多液或500倍敌克松溶液喷洒种子园接株,效果十分理想,病虫危害可以控制在10.0%以内。     

Selection, propagation and cultivation of Pinus massoniana clones for pulp use

Based on the growth, wood property of the ortets, and rooting abilities of cuttings, 32 Pinus massoniana clones for pulp use were selected from forests of superior provenance, mixed families, and progeny test of seed orchard by two-step selection. The average height and DBH growth of three-year-old clones were 28.6% and 16.7%, respectively, higher than those from seedlings, and average gain of wood density reached 8.7%. Rooting rate of all these clones was over 80%, 28% higher than the clones selected by a single step. A cutting orchard of 0.33 hm² on the hillside was constructed to intensively produce cuttings according to the tests on construction methods, pruning, and fertilization. A total of 50,000 grade I, 37,500 grade II, and 62,500 grade III cuttings were collected per hectare of this cutting orchard each time, and were cut three times each year. With all the above techniques, 48 hm² of clonal forests for pulp use of those clones had been planted in five places in Fujian Province. Container stecklings are more likely to increase the planting survival rate. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(1): 64–69 [译自: 林业科学]     

Are Phenological Observations Sufficient to Estimate the Quality of Seed Crops from a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus grandis</Emphasis> Open-pollinated Seed Orchard? Consequences for Seed Collections

Reproductive phenology was observed over three years in a Eucalyptus grandis seed orchard in Madagascar to determine the impact of geographic differences of parental selections on the expected genetic composition of seed crops. Pollen flow (observed pollen cloud) was deduced from a paternity assignment based on sampling from one year’s seed production. The two approaches were used to verify whether knowledge of phenology is sufficient to predict the genetic quality of the seeds collected. Despite the high flowering level, with a constant cycle over three years, the results demonstrated wide reproductive phenological differences associated with the parents’ origin, suggesting putative pollination disequilibrium. From both observed and expected pollen clouds, the results showed preferential mating among different provenances, which has consequences for seed crop composition. Phenological observations, which can be made inexpensively, can be used to promote methods of effective seed orchard management in order to improve the genetic quality of seeds.     

尾叶桉实生种子园遗传分析与育种值的估算Ⅰ.逆向选择方式建立种子园

对3年生尾叶桉实生种子园建园家系的生长性状、干形和枝冠形质性状及开花结实率的遗传分析表明:随林龄的递增,生长性状、干形和枝冠形质性状的遗传力在种源、家系和单株三层次逐渐变小并有稳定的趋势,且种源遗传力>家系遗传力>单株遗传力。利用BLUP方法估算家系和家系内个体育种值,并对建园家系、个体进行筛选,为种子园的遗传间伐提供依据。经遗传分析表明:尾叶桉SSObs种子园的遗传遵循加性 显性基因型遗传模式。从2个对照良种与建园家系的比较结果看,在SSObs种子园中,材积生长量大于CK1、CK2的优系有38个和39个,分别占建园家系总数的84.4%和86.7%;干形指标大于CK1、CK2的优系有30个和35个,占建园家系总数的66.7%和77.8%,表明建园的绝大多数家系其遗传品质是理想的。     

马尾松种子园及其附近人工林的亲子代群体遗传结构分析

利用同工酶标记对广西覃塘林场马尾松无性系种子园及其附近一人工林的亲子代群体遗传结构进行研究。研究结果表明，不论是种子园还是附近人工林均表现为：亲代群体处于遗传平衡状态，杂合体相对过量，但子代已偏离遗传平衡，杂合体相对不足，亲子代的基因频率变化不大。种子园亲代群体的遗传多样性略高于子代，而附近人工林的亲代群体遗传多样性略低于子代。本文研究的种子园具有较宽的遗传基础，该种子园附近人工林的遗传多样性与种子园接近，但不论是人工林本身还是它的子代其多样性平均水平都较种子园的亲代和子代略低。